On July 5, 1687, Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). The work formulated the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, providing a unified mathematical framework that explained phenomena from falling apples to planetary orbits. The Principia is widely regarded as one of the most important scientific works ever written, establishing the foundation of classical mechanics that would dominate physics for over two centuries until Einstein's theory of relativity.
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