On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian, reportedly nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The document challenged the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences and questioned papal authority. Luther's act is widely regarded as the spark that ignited the Protestant Reformation, which split Western Christianity and profoundly reshaped the religious, political, and cultural landscape of Europe.
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